Chapter 2:
Advantages of Fluorescence

Chapter 3:
Instrumentation

Chapter 4:
Variables of Fluorescence

Chapter 5:
Calibration and Standards

2.1 Sensitivity: Limits of detection depend to a large extent on the properties of the sample being measured. Detectability to parts per billion or even parts per trillion is common for most analytes. This extraordinary sensitivity allows the reliable detection of fluorescent materials (chlorophyll, aromatic hydrocarbons, etc.) using small sample sizes. Also, field studies can be performed in open waters without sample treatment. Fluorometers achieve 1,000 to 500,000 times better limits of detection as compared to spectrophotometers.

 2.2 Specificity: Spectrophotometers merely measure absorbed light.[5] Spectrophotometric techniques are prone to interference problems because many materials absorb light, making it difficult to isolate the targeted analyte in a complex matrix. Fluorometers are highly specific and less susceptible to interferences because fewer materials absorb and also emit light (fluoresce). And, if non-target compounds do absorb and emit light, it is rare that they will emit the same wavelength of light as target compounds. 

2.3 Wide Concentration Range: Fluorescence output is linear to sample concentration over a very broad range. Fluorometry can be used over three to six decades of concentration without sample dilution or modification of the sample cell. 

2.4 Simplicity and Speed: Fluorometry is a relatively simple analytical technique. Fluorometry's sensitivity and specificity reduce or eliminate the sample preparation procedures often required to concentrate analytes or remove interferences from samples prior to analysis. This reduction in or elimination of sample preparation time not only simplifies, but also expedites the analysis. 

2.5 Low Cost: Reagent and instrumentation costs are low when compared to many other analytical techniques, such as gas chromatography and HPLC. Reagent costs are low because, due to the high sensitivity of fluorometers, less reagent can be used. And, small laboratory filter fluorometers can now be purchased for less than $3,000 USD. 

Continue... to Chapter 3